Uterine cancer

1. Types:
   • Endometrioid adenocarcinoma: This is the most common type of uterine cancer, accounting for about 80% to 90% of cases. It develops from the cells in the lining of the uterus.
   • Uterine sarcoma: This is a less common type of uterine cancer that develops from the muscle or other tissues in the uterus.
      
2. Risk Factors:
   • Age: The risk of uterine cancer increases with age, with most cases occurring in women over 50.
   • Hormonal factors: Factors such as early menstruation, late menopause, never having been pregnant, or hormone therapy with estrogen alone (without progesterone) may increase the risk.
   • Obesity: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of uterine cancer, as fat cells produce estrogen, which can stimulate the growth of the uterine lining.
   • Diabetes: Women with diabetes have an increased risk of developing uterine cancer.
   • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): PCOS is associated with hormonal imbalances that may increase the risk of uterine cancer.
   • Hereditary factors: Genetic conditions such as Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) increase the risk of uterine cancer.
      
3. Symptoms:
   • Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, bleeding after menopause, or unusually heavy periods
   • Pelvic pain or discomfort
   • Pain during sexual intercourse
   • Pelvic mass or enlargement
   • Unexplained weight loss
      
4. Diagnosis:
   • Pelvic examination: A physical examination to check for any abnormalities in the uterus or surrounding tissues.
   • Transvaginal ultrasound: An ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the uterus and other pelvic organs.
   • Endometrial biopsy: A biopsy may be performed to remove a sample of tissue from the lining of the uterus for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer is present.
   • Imaging tests: Tests such as CT scan or MRI may be used to evaluate the extent of the cancer and determine if it has spread to other parts of the body.
      
5. Treatment:
   • Surgery: Surgery is the primary treatment for uterine cancer and typically involves removing the uterus (hysterectomy) and sometimes the fallopian tubes and ovaries (salpingo-oophorectomy).
   • Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy may be used before or after surgery to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
   • Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy may be given before or after surgery to kill cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence.
   • Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy may be used in some cases to block the effects of estrogen on the uterine lining.
      
6. Prognosis:
   • The prognosis for uterine cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, the type of uterine cancer, the woman's age and overall health, and how well the cancer responds to treatment.
   • Early detection and treatment can improve outcomes and increase the chances of survival.
   • The prognosis is generally more favorable for women with early-stage uterine cancer that has not spread beyond the uterus.

Overall, uterine cancer is a serious disease that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Awareness of risk factors and symptoms, along with regular medical check-ups, can help with early detection and improve outcomes for women at risk.